Assignment: Report of Recharge Experiment

Report of Recharge Experiment

Introduction

A number of years ago, Professor Ken Rushton developed an algorithm. It is now being used to develop a spreadsheet involving the soil moisture accounting data to estimate the runoff (RO), actual evaporation (AE) and soil moisture deficits (SMD). In the method, recharge can be obtained by the data of RO, AE and SMD.

Experiment

In this experiment, Daily rainfall(P) and potential evaporation(PE) are the meteorological inputs which are public data. There might be a situation that PE data is given by month. The PE data can be assumed to follow a linear relationship to make it possible to calculate. After the raw P and PE data are received, they can be used after a mathematical adjustment.

As the first step, Runoff (RO) can be estimated from precipitation on the daily P and SMD from the previous day. Here come the different RO equations when the value of P is in different intervals. When the value of P is greater than 10, RO is determined not only by the value of P but also by the value of SMD. The clear equations following different conditions are as below,

if P<5mm, then there is no runoff

if 5<P<10 then RO=0.2(P-5)

if 10<P<20 then,

*if SMD<10 then RO=0.2P

*if 10<SMD<30 RO=0.1P

*if 30<SMD<60 RO=0.05P

*if 60<SMD RO=0

if 20<P then,

*if SMD<10 RO=0.3P

*if 10<SMD<30 RO=0.2P

*if 30<SMD<60 RO=0.1P

*if 60<SMD RO =0.05P

As the second step, it is necessary to estimate actual change (AS). There are the relationships between AS and the potential change (PS). The numerical relationship is also determined by SMD with root constant (C) and wilting point (D).

if PS>0 and C<SMD<D then AS=0.1PS

if PS>0 and D<SMD then AS=0

Others, AS=PS

The PS can be calculated by the equation as PS=PE+RO-P

As the third step, when the AS is obtained, the soil moisture deficit shall be updated as below,

SMD_new=SMD_old+ AS

As it is known, the recharge (R) is the amount reduction. The absolute value of R is equal to the absolute value of SMD_new. Hence, -SMD_new is the amount of recharge.

There are two equations to describe the relationships among R, SMD_new, SMD_old and AS.

SMD_new=max ( 0, SMD_old+AS)

R=SMD_new-SMD_old-AS

The final step is to use the equation AE=AS+P-RO to calculate the actual evapotranspiration (AE).

After all the calculating and estimating in the spreadsheet, the check shall be down as below,

When, P=RO+AE+R+ difference of SMD, it is a correct estimator.

Otherwise, it failed.

Results

The final estimators are as below,

RO(mm)		P	1032.80
87.10		Runoff	111.82	10.8%
		AE	428.11	41.5%
C	76 mm	Recharge	492.865	47.7%
D	12 mm	D_SMD	0.000
		Balance	0.00

Conclusion

The experiment shows that the spreadsheet developed based on the algorithm of Professor Ken Rushton is functional. The recharge is possible calculated by the public data of daily rainfall and potential evaporation.

PS: The idea of artificial recharge of aquifers. Here attaches a link,

http://www.oas.org/dsd/publications/unit/oea59e/ch18.htm

Research Proposal

Effect and Efficiency of the environmental management under the macroscopical policy in developing countries.

Yamin Lu

University College Dublin 

Generally, Environment Management is at the tail of the policy-management chain which is often vertical. The vertical procedure is in strong order. The goal of development is at the top followed the supporting policies. Then the law and regulation are established. Finally, there came the management with amount of real difficulty. Sometimes, as there is little to do at the tail of a chain (which is not a good reflection system). The existing environment management difficulty is not able to be solved by the reflection based adjustment of topmost policies which do not exist. Hence, there came the gap. My research aims to model the Policy-Management Chain with system dynamics method. Or at least, it attempts to figure out a likely applicable direct link between environment management and the topmost goal and policy. Thus, I hope it is possible to create and compute a series of significant indices to describe the limitation of environment management with macroscopical policy.

As the research topic is too general and ambitious, I would separate it into four stages.
1. Benchmark the developed countries, find out and model the optimal policy-management chain. Recognize the adjustment method and claim and define indices of the chain.
2. Build an idealized simple system model to clarify the indices and relationship of each main elements in the system. Quantify the policy with numerical indices. Compare the simulation to prove the success of the model.
3. Fully test the model and use it in a small specific limited area.
4. Build policy and management tools or application with the model.



@property in copyright

Assignment: Report of China`s Energy Mix

Report of China`s Energy Mix

Introduction

As a fast developing country, China requires vast amount of cheaper energy to remain a high development speed (Boqiang Lin, 2010). Actually, in China, coal is the cheapest solution to satisfy the large energy demand of the economy development. Although transferring coal into electricity or other form of energy creates the most carbon dioxide, it seems the only choice at the moment for the Chinese government.

In the graph of China energy consumption 2014 (Euan Mearns, 2015), the proportion of coal was the largest with 66%. Oil consumption was 18%. Hydro power was 8% but more than gas consumption which was 5%. Renewable energy took 2% of the total consumption. Nuclear was only 1%. That explains the reason why it is difficult to reduce the coal energy when it is actually supporting the economy. Hence, it is almost impossible for the government to reduce the coal consumption in a very short period.

By seeing the graph of China’s Energy Consumption by Source, there was an extreme increase at the year 2001. That moment was also the moment when China joined the World Trade Organization (Gail Tverberg, 2012). To fill in the shortage of the increasing demand of energy, the rise of coal and oil consumption could be seen as natural. That is because, in my opinion, it takes less response time to increase the volume of production and import of coal and oil rather than other form of energy which requires a long time for foundation construction.

Chinese government is going to reduce the proportion of coal consumption step by step. The most important part is to reduce the proportion of coal consumption. With the energy shortage of reducing the coal, there is going to be an increase of proportion of gas consumption significantly. (Chen Aizhu, 2014). Oil consumption will certainly rise at a specific proportion. The reason is that China has become the second largest customer of oil in 2014 (Enter Data, 2014). At the same time, the proportion of nuclear, wind and solar will increase to a certain extent, respectively. Hydropower will also increase.

Generally, renewable energy contains the solar, wind, hydro, ocean wave, etc. But with the technologic limitation, ocean wave power is too difficult to use. At the meantime, hydropower and the wind power also have their limitation respectively.

Critically, the entire capacity China is able to exploit of hydropower is 402 million kW (Boqiang Lin, 2010). The wind power, according the Application of Danish Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction Technology in China published by McKinsey & Company, in China, is not suggested more than 10% of the total electricity capacity. The nuclear power considering the fogyism caused by technology progress is suggested a less than 90 million kW installed capacity by 2020.

Conclusion

China’s energy structure is complex. The development is based on sufficient energy. The reduction of carbon dioxide, without decreasing the economy rate, requires controlling the proportion of coal consumption and replenishment of other form energy. Renewable energy is one of the solutions. But to the consideration of Chinese government, a more efficient and controllable energy structure strategy adjustment, which will reduce greenhouse gases and ensure the speed of China’s economy development at the same time, is operating.

Recommendation

In my opinion, nuclear energy is the best choice for China. Because China has the latest technology to use nuclear power. It will be beneficial to reduce the amount of the nuclear warheads which is the material to make the nuclear power reaction fuel rod.

Reference

Gail Tverberg. "The close tie between energy consumption, employment, and recession." (2012).

Chen Aizhu. "ANALYSIS - China in "great Leap Forward" for Gas." THOMSON REUTERS. (2010).

"China’s Nuclear Aspirations." Enter Data. 2014.

Ma Damien. "Roles and Prospect of Nuclear Power in China's Energy Supply Strategy." Paulson Institute. Jan. 2015.

Boqiang Lin, Yao Xin, and Liu Xiying. "China's energy strategy adjustment under energy conservation and carbon emission constraints." Social Sciences in China 31.2 (2010): 91-110.

Euan Mearns. "China’s Energy Demand May Not Increase Until 2017." OILPRICE.COM. June 2015. Web.

Career skills preperation guidance in UCD

Career skill preperation guidance in UCD

Lecturer Sophie Carey

Newman Building, University College Dublin

22nd September, 2015